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■THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CATENATIVES AND MODALS      Confusions arise between catenatives and modals because both can introduce a chain of verb form,esp when followed by base forms or to-infinitive       Modals are different from catenatives in that modals lack the semantic content that catenatives have.The modals are used to help other head/main verbs to form moods modifying the meaning of the head/main verbs and have no meaning in themselves and the head/main verbs are changed into non-finite form (to-infinitive or a base form).Different from the modals,the catenatives are the head/main verb of the chain and has their own meaning.       ○ Visitors SHOULD INFORM the receptionist of their arrival .  (Here the main/head verb is a base form INFORM while SHOULD is a modal.)       ○These HELP REDUCE the pain.  (Here the main/head verb HELP is a catenative verb while the base form REDUCE acts as a complement of the verb HELP.)       Some modals have particles inserted in-between the modals a

  CATENATIVE VERBS 1:     A catenative verb (aka a chain verb) is a verb that can link with other verbs to form a chain of verbs.When a catenative verb links with other verbs,the a catenative verb acts as a head/main verb and the other verbs have to change its form into non-finite froms, such as to-inf,bare-inf, or gerund. For examples:       🔹The birds BIGIN TO SING. (The catenative BEGIN is a head/main verb and the linked verb SING has to change its form into to-inf form TO SING)       🔹They LIKE READING books. (The catenative LIKE is a head/main verb and the linked verb READ has to change its form into gerund form READING.)       🔹The books HELP SHED light on the problems.  (The catenative HELP is a head/main verb and the linked verb SHED has to change its form into a non-finite SHED.)      The non-finite verb, which is linked with the main/head catenative verb,can take function as either an obj or complement of the main/head verb,as in....       🔹He HESITATED TO JUMP. (The main

  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “STATEMENT” AND “SENTENCE” STATEMENT  A statement is a speech or sentence that states something positively or negatively and delivers an information in the manner of claiming the information to be true. It comes in the forms of affirmative or negative sentences as well as it can come in the form of exclamatory expressions also, but never interrogative, nor imperative. And a statement does not require a feedback. If the receiver of the statement wants to give a reply or feedback, they can but they are not required to give any feedback or reply. Examples of Statement: 1. He is a good teacher. 2. He is not a good teacher. 3. Wow! He is an awesome teacher! 4. If we can travel at the speed of light, we can reach at the sun in 8 minutes and 20 seconds.  Through statements, we STATE facts or hypotheses. In simple language, making a statement means to deliver an information of fact or hypothesis accompanied by an implicit claim that the delivered information is true. As yo

  PRESENT PARTICIPLE versus GERUND The origin of both present participle and gerund is VERB words. And the physical constructional structure of both present participle and gerund is: VERB + ing Involving present participle and gerund, there exists a confusion and an incorrect idea, as follows: CONFUSION Because the origin and structural pattern of both present participle and gerund are the same, it often creates confusion about identifying which ones are present participle and which are gerund. INCORRECT IDEA Many grammarians define that the verb-ing words as gerund where they function like noun, in that, they define that the verb-ing words are gerund “ONLY where” they function like a NOUN, or where they function like “NOUN ONLY”. The incorrectness in this definition is not that verb-ing words are gerund where they function like noun. But the incorrectness is in the position limiting the function to “noun ONLY”. The correct definition is: The verb-ing words are gerund where they functi

 1. Noun:  Noun is a name of a person, place or a thing or an idea. It is also called as naming word. There are 12 types of noun. Names are given below:- 1. Common Noun 2. Proper Noun 3. Collective Noun 4. Countable Noun 5. Uncountable Noun 6. Abstract Noun 7. Concrete Noun / Material Noun 8. Number Noun 9. Verbal Noun 10. Gender Specific Noun 11. Compound Noun 12. Gerund 1. Common Noun:  A name of a general thing, person or place is called common noun.  For Example:  City, Boy, Girl, Country, Flower, Book, Month, Day, Year, Time 2. Proper Noun:  A name of a specific person, place or thing is called proper noun.  For Example:  Islamabad, Ali, Amna, Pakistan, Jasmine, Rose, Holy Book, January, Sunday, 2018,  10 O’clock.  3. Collective Noun:  A set of things, places and persons is called collective noun. A noun that denotes a group of individuals, items, things etc.  For Example:  School is a set of students and teachers, Library is set of books and Furniture is set of wood items as like

                 Parts of Speech   Noun .